Question 1 – BPM
Business process modeling is the representation of a company’s business processes or workflows as a means of identifying potential improvements.

Goal :-
1) Online Agriculture store for farmer buy fertilizers, seeds and pesticides and manufacturing company sales farmer requirement needs.
2) To establish direct communication between farmers and manufacturers without any intermediary agents
Inputs, 
1)Resources who manage admin work, call answering, and do service part.
2) Listing products from manufacturers on the platform - (seeds, pesticides, and fertilizers.)
Resources:-
1) Farmers, Fertilizers, seeds, Pesticides, Manufacturing company 
2) Machines, Net connection Networks, Hardware, Delivery services
3) IT Team, Develper Team 

Output :-
Increase the sales of fertilizer, seeds and pesticides and manufactures 

Activity : -
1) Farmer buy fertilizer seeds and pesticides manufactures sales the farmer requirement. 
2) Online payment received and Delivery team deliver the product on time.
3) Customer support resolve the product delivery issue and payment.

Question 2 – SWOT -
➢ SWOT, which stands for strengths, weaknesses, 
opportunities and threats, is an analytical 
framework that can help your company face its 
greatest challenges and find its most promising new 
markets.
➢ A SWOT analysis is an organized list of your 
business’s greatest strengths, weaknesses, 
opportunities, and threats.
➢ Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the 
company (think: reputation, patents, location).
➢ Opportunities and threats are external (think: 
suppliers, competitors, prices)
Strength: Purpose of the project is clear, Stakeholder is present for the UIT
Weakness: Allignment of the manufacturer for this product, Making awareness among the farmers about this product, 
Opportunity: To build a new product for the betterment of farmers
Threat: To complete the project in 18 months, Accessibility of the product as the Users are new to this filed
Question 3 – Feasibility study
The feasibility study focuses on helping answer the essential question of “should we proceed with the proposed idea”.
Possibility of doing a project within some constraints like technology, budget & time.
Technology includes Software, Hardware and Trained Resources.
1. Technology: Based on the database servers, payment gateways, security and API's.
2.Hardware: Based on storage, backup systems, network infrastructure.
3.Software: Based on shopping cart software, content mangement system and payment gateay software.
4.Resources: Project management team, business analyst and software developer.
5.Budget: Various cost involved such as  Development cost and Hardware cost.
6.Time frame: Based on tresourced and No of features.
Question 4 – Gap Analysis
Gap Analysis is a strategic tool used to compare an organization's current state to its desired future state, with the goal of identifying "gaps" or discrepancies that need to be addressed to achieve objectives. It helps organizations understand where they are now, where they want to be, and what actions are needed to bridge the difference.
Current State: The existing performance, processes, or outcomes.
Desired State: The goals, standards, or benchmarks the organization aims to achieve.
As-Is: There is no product avaialble in the market for the farming product to be sold online.
To-Be: To build an entire new product with all the necessary detail and user friendly so that its easy to be used and maintain.
Question 5 – Risk Analysis
An uncertain event or condition which can have impact on either cost, time and scope. Risk Analysis is the process to identify the business, financial, technological & operational risk.
Internal Risk: Dependence on external vendor for product supply on inventory management.
High operating expenses due to investments in technology and marketing.
External Risk: Intense completion from other Online Agriculture Products Store in india.
Changes in government regulation and policies that affect the e-commerce industry.
BA Risk:
Incomplete requirements
Domain Knowledge
Change in requirements.
Project based risk:
Scope risk.
Stakeholder risk.
Question 6 – Stakeholder Analysis (RACI Matrix) 
A RACI matrix is a tool used in project management and organizational decision-making to clearly define and document roles and responsibilities for specific tasks, activities, or deliverables. It helps ensure accountability, avoid confusion, and improve communication among team members.
Key Roles in the Project
Project Sponsor: Mr. Henry (and indirectly, Peter, Kevin, Ben)
Delivery Head: Mr. Karthik
Project Manager: Mr. Vandanam
Business Analyst: You
Development Team:
Ms. Juhi (Senior Java Developer)
Mr. Teyson, Ms. Lucie, Mr. Tucker, Mr. Bravo (Java Developers)
Network Admin: Mr. Mike
DB Admin: Mr. John
Testers: Mr. Jason, Ms. Alekya
Stakeholders: Peter, Kevin, Ben (Farmer representatives), and other farmers/companies.
Explanation:
Sponsor (Mr. Henry): Accountable for project approval and funding but not involved in day-to-day execution.
Delivery Head (Mr. Karthik): Oversees the delivery but delegates day-to-day responsibilities to the Project Manager.
Project Manager (Mr. Vandanam): Accountable for managing execution, timelines, and deliverables.
BA :Responsible for gathering requirements, creating documentation, and bridging stakeholders with the technical team.
Developers: Responsible for coding and developing the platform.
Network and DB Admins: Support technical infrastructure and database-related tasks.
Testers: Validate the platform for bugs and functionality.
Stakeholders: Provide input during requirements gathering and feedback during UAT.

Question 7 – Business Case Document
Why is this project is initiated?   
Mr. Henry, a successful businessman, has initiated a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) project to address the challenges faced by farmers in remote areas. Through consultations with his childhood friends—Peter, Kevin, and Ben—Mr. Henry identified difficulties in procuring fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. To resolve this, Mr. Henry envisions an online agriculture products store that will facilitate direct communication and transactions between farmers and agricultural product companies. The project aims to improve farmers’ access to essential farming resources, contributing to their productivity and well-being.
The project will be executed over an 18-month timeline, leveraging the talent pool at APT IT SOLUTIONS, under the guidance of Mr. Karthik (Delivery Head). The proposed platform will include both web and mobile applications to maximize accessibility.
What are the current problem?
Farmers in remote areas face significant challenges in obtaining essential agricultural products like fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. These issues lead to inefficiencies, reduced crop yields, and higher costs. Current supply chains often fail to adequately address their needs, leaving a gap in access to quality resources.
Key Challenges Identified:
Difficulty in procuring fertilizers (Peter).
Limited availability of seeds for specific crops (Kevin).
Lack of pesticides to combat pests effectively (Ben).
With the project how many problem could be solved?
Provide a centralized platform for farmers to purchase fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides.
Enable direct communication between farmers and agricultural product companies.
Ensure affordability, transparency, and ease of access.
Promote economic development in rural farming communities.
Achieve successful deployment within an 18-month timeframe as part of a CSR initiative.
Stakeholders
Primary Stakeholders:
Mr. Henry: Project Sponsor.
Peter, Kevin, Ben: Farmer representatives and advisors.
Farmers: End-users of the platform.
Agricultural Companies: Suppliers of fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides.
Secondary Stakeholders:
APT IT SOLUTIONS Team:
Mr. Karthik: Delivery Head.
Mr. Vandanam: Project Manager.
Development Team: Ms. Juhi, Mr. Teyson, Ms. Lucie, Mr. Tucker, Mr. Bravo.
Network Admin: Mr. Mike.
DB Admin: Mr. John.
Testers: Mr. Jason, Ms. Alekya.
Logistics Partners: For delivery operations.
How much organizational change is required to adopt this technology?
Develop a web and mobile application for farmers and companies to interact directly, ensuring seamless procurement of agricultural products. The platform will include the following features:
Core Features:
Product Listings: Categorized catalog for fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides.
Search and Filter: Easy navigation for users to find specific products.
Secure Payment Gateway: Multiple payment options for seamless transactions.
Order Tracking: Real-time tracking for farmers.
User Registration: Separate modules for farmers and companies.
Communication Tools: Inquiry forms or chat systems for direct interaction.
Optional Features:
Multi-language support for accessibility.
Reviews and ratings for products.
Integration with logistics for delivery updates.
Conclusion
The Online Agriculture Products Store addresses a critical need for farmers in remote areas by providing easy access to agricultural products. With a well-defined scope, a dedicated team, and a clear roadmap, the project is poised to deliver significant value to farmers, companies, and society. Through Mr. Henry’s CSR initiative, this platform has the potential to transform the agricultural ecosystem and empower rural communities.
Question 8 – Four SDLC Methodologies
Sequential Methodology (Waterfall Model)
Overview: The Waterfall Model follows a linear, step-by-step process where each phase must be completed before moving on to the next.
Relevance: This approach is best for projects with clear and stable requirements. If the requirements for the online store are well-documented and unlikely to change, Waterfall ensures structured progression.
Challenges: Lack of flexibility can be an issue if new requirements arise mid-project.
Iterative Methodology (Incremental Approach)
Overview: This methodology develops the system in small sections (increments). Each increment builds on the previous one, allowing for gradual delivery and testing.
Relevance: If the team anticipates partial delivery of the system to stakeholders for feedback (e.g., launching product listings first, then adding payment features), this method ensures continuous progress and early identification of issues.
Challenges: Requires careful planning to define increments effectively.
Evolutionary Methodology (Spiral Model)
Overview: The Spiral Model combines iterative development with a strong focus on risk analysis. Each cycle involves planning, risk assessment, prototyping, and evaluation.
Relevance: This methodology is suited for large and complex projects where risks (e.g., security concerns or farmer adoption) must be continuously assessed and mitigated. It allows flexibility to refine requirements based on feedback.
Challenges: It can be complex and costly, requiring significant expertise in risk management.
Agile Methodology (Scrum Framework)
Overview: Agile emphasizes iterative and incremental development with high stakeholder involvement. Scrum, as a subset, organizes work into short sprints, focusing on delivering functional increments.
Relevance: Agile is ideal for this project if stakeholder input is expected to evolve over time, requiring flexibility in adapting to feedback from farmers, manufacturers, or the committee. Scrum ensures consistent progress with active collaboration.
Challenges: It requires disciplined and engaged stakeholders who can participate in regular sprint reviews and planning sessions.

Question 9 – Waterfall RUP Spiral and Scrum Models –
1. Waterfall Model
Description:
A linear, sequential SDLC model where progress flows in one direction—like a waterfall—through distinct phases. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
Phases:
Requirements → Design → Implementation → Testing → Deployment → Maintenance
Key Features:
Predictable and easy to manage.
Clear deliverables at each stage.
Advantages:
Simple to understand and implement.
Works well for projects with fixed and clear requirements.
Disadvantages:
Inflexible; changes are hard to accommodate.
Testing occurs late in the process, making issue resolution more costly.
Best For:
Projects with well-defined, unchanging requirements (e.g., government or manufacturing systems).
2. Rational Unified Process (RUP)
Description:
RUP is an iterative software development process framework created by IBM. It emphasizes disciplined project management and clear documentation while allowing for flexibility through iterations.
Phases:
Inception: Define scope, business case, and feasibility.
Elaboration: Identify risks, develop architecture, and refine requirements.
Construction: Develop and test the software iteratively.
Transition: Deploy the software to users and provide support.
Key Features:
Iterative and incremental development.
Risk assessment and management are central.
Advantages:
Adaptable to changes during development.
Ensures high-quality software through continuous testing and evaluation.
Disadvantages:
Complex to implement without experienced teams.
Requires substantial resources and planning.
Best For:
Medium to large projects needing structured yet iterative processes.
3. Spiral Model
Description:
A risk-driven SDLC model combining iterative development with systematic risk analysis. It consists of multiple loops (spirals), each representing a development phase.
Phases:
Planning → Risk Analysis → Design → Build → Test → Evaluate → Repeat
Key Features:
Focus on risk management and early identification of issues.
Iterative approach allows for gradual refinement.
Advantages:
Suitable for complex and high-risk projects.
Adapts to changing requirements.
Disadvantages:
High cost and complexity.
Requires expertise in risk management.
Best For:
Large, high-risk projects with evolving requirements (e.g., aerospace, defense systems).
4. Scrum Model (Part of Agile Methodology)
Description:
Scrum is a lightweight, iterative framework under the Agile methodology. It focuses on collaboration, flexibility, and delivering small increments of functional software through time-boxed sprints.
Key Features:
Roles: Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Development Team.
Artifacts: Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Increment.
Ceremonies: Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-ups, Sprint Review, and Retrospective.
Advantages:
Encourages collaboration and adaptability.
Delivers usable software quickly and regularly.
Disadvantages:
Requires active stakeholder involvement and skilled teams.
May lead to scope creep without proper management.
Best For:
Dynamic projects with frequently changing requirements (e.g., startups, web development).
Question 10 – Waterfall Vs V-Model 
Aspect	Waterfall Model	V-Model	
Structure	Linear and sequential	Sequential with testing paired at each stage.	
Focus	Emphasis on development; testing occurs after coding.	Equal emphasis on development and testing.	
Testing	Conducted only after implementation.	Conducted in parallel with each phase.	
Flexibility	Inflexible; changes are hard to implement.	Inflexible; requires complete requirements.	
Error Detection	Errors detected late in the process.	Early defect detection during development.	
Best For	Small projects with clear requirements.	High-reliability projects with rigorous testing needs.	
Complexity	Simpler to manage and understand.	More structured but involves detailed testing.	
Cost of Changes	High due to late testing.	Lower due to early testing and validation.	

When to Use:
Waterfall: Use for smaller projects with stable requirements and minimal risk of changes.
V-Model: Use for projects where early error detection is critical, and high-quality testing is a priority (e.g., safety-critical systems).
Both models are best suited for environments with well-defined requirements, but the V-Model is more rigorous in terms of testing and validation.

Question 11 – Justify your choice 

As a Business Analyst, I recommend the Waterfall model for developing the online 
agriculture product store for APT IT Solution. 
Clear and Fixed Requirements 
Agriculture product stores typically have well-defined features, such as product listings, search 
functionality, shopping cart, payment gateways, and order tracking. These requirements are 
unlikely to change significantly during development, making the Waterfall model a good fit. 
Fixed requirements mean the sequential approach of Waterfall ensures all necessary features 
are addressed upfront. 
Simplicity and Structure 
The Waterfall model is straightforward, with distinct, non-overlapping phases: Requirement 
Gathering, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance. This makes it easy 
to plan, track, and manage progress. 
For a project involving SMEs, who might not be familiar with iterative approaches, this model 
provides a structured and predictable process. 
Early Documentation 
Waterfall places heavy emphasis on comprehensive documentation during the early stages. For 
a project like this, detailed documentation of requirements, workflows, and system design is 
crucial to ensure all stakeholders are aligned. 
This documentation will also serve as a reference point for future enhancements or 
maintenance. 
Suitable for Small to Medium Complexity 
Building an online agriculture product store, while important, is not highly complex. The 
Waterfall model works well for such projects, where deliverables are clearly defined and 
technical challenges are manageable. 
Cost and Timeline Predictability 
The Waterfall model allows accurate estimation of cost, timeline, and resource allocation 
before development begins. This is especially beneficial when stakeholders want clarity on 
when the product will be delivered and how much it will cost. 
Testing Phase Is Dedicated 
In the Waterfall model, testing is a distinct and well-defined phase after development. This 
ensures that the final product is thoroughly tested and ready for deployment without 
interruptions or overlapping tasks. 

Question 12 – Gantt Chart -

Question 13 – Fixed Bid Vs Billing 

Fixed Bid and Billing are two common pricing models in project management and service delivery. They differ in how costs are estimated, invoiced, and managed during a project.
1. Fixed Bid Model
Definition:
A pricing model where the client and vendor agree on a fixed price for the entire project before work begins, based on the project's defined scope and requirements.
Advantages:
Predictable cost for the client.
Encourages vendors to deliver efficiently within budget.
Reduces financial risk for the client if the project scope is fixed.
Disadvantages:
Limited flexibility for changes once the project starts.
Vendors may include a buffer in pricing to account for potential risks.
Misaligned expectations can lead to disputes if the scope is not clearly defined.
Best For:
Projects with well-defined requirements and minimal changes expected.
Small to medium-sized projects with clear deliverables.

2. Billing 
Definition: A pricing model where the client is billed based on the actual time spent and materials used during the project. Costs are typically calculated using an agreed-upon hourly or daily rate.

Advantages:
Adaptable to changing requirements or priorities.
Promotes collaboration between the client and vendor for iterative improvements.
No need for extensive upfront requirement definitions.
Disadvantages:
Less predictable costs for the client.
Potential for inefficiencies if time management is not strictly monitored.
Requires active oversight to avoid scope creep.
Best For:
Complex or long-term projects with dynamic or evolving requirements.
Agile development environments where incremental progress is made.
Question 14 – Preparer Timesheets of a BA in various stages of SDLC

Design Timesheet of a BA
Tasks	Actionable items  	Start time	End time	Duration	
Prepare Test Cases from Use Case Diagram   	Analyze the Use Case Diagram, draft test scenarios and test cases 	9:00 AM	10:00am	1 hour	
Communicate with Client on Design and Solution Docs 	Update the client on progress, explain design solutions, and prepare them for UAT	10:00 AM	11:30am	1.5 hour	
Initiate End User Manuals Preparation	Draft an outline of the manual, identify key areas to cover, and coordinate with the team for input	11:30 AM	12:30 PM	1 hour	
Update RTM 	Link requirements to test cases, design artifacts, and ensure traceability	1:30 PM	2:30 PM	1 hour	
Review Solution Architecture Recommendation 	Collaborate with the Solution Architect to validate architecture recommendations based on use case diagrams	2:30 PM	3:00 PM	.5 hour	
Collaborate with DB Architect on ER Diagrams 	Review entity classes and discuss database schema or ER diagrams with the DB Architect	3:00 PM	3:45 PM	.75 hour	

Development Timesheet of a BA

Tasks	Actionable items  	Start time	End time	Duration	
Requirement Clarification	Discuss functional requirements with stakeholders (Peter, Kevin, Ben, and Mr. Henry) 	9:00am	10:00am	1hour	
User Stories Review	Review and refine user stories with the development team for seed, fertilizer, and pesticide modules	10:00am	11:00am	1hour	
Requirement Documentation	Update the Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) and share it with the project team	11:15am	12:30pm	1hour 15min	
Use case Preparation	Prepare detailed use case diagrams for key features like product search and direct communication	1:30pm	2:30pm	1hour	
Functional Walkthrough	Conduct a walkthrough session of the documented requirements with the QA team (Jason & Alekya)	2:45pm	3:30pm	45min	
Risk Analysis 	Identify potential risks in implementation and create a mitigation strategy document	3:45pm	4:15pm	30min	
Feedback Incorporation 	Gather feedback from developers and testers on requirements and update documentation accordingly	04:30	5:00pm	30min	

Testing Timesheet of a BA  

Tasks	Actionable items  	Start time	End time	Duration	
Prepare Test Cases from Use Cases	Analyze use cases and create corresponding test cases	9:00am	10:30am	1hr 30min	
Perform High-Level Testing 	Execute high-level test cases to validate critical workflows	10:30am	12:00pm	1hr 30min	
Prepare Client for UAT	reate UAT checklist, schedule UAT sessions, and prepare guidelines.	12:00pm	1:00pm	1hour	
Request Test Data from Client	Identify required test data and communicate with the client for procurement.	1:00pm	1:30pm	30min	
Update End User Manuals	Revise and finalize documentation for end users based on latest application features	1:30pm	2:30pm	1hour	
Update RTM (Requirement Traceability Matrix)	nsure all test cases are mapped to requirements and update RTM.	2:30pm	3;15pm	45min	
ake Client Signoff on Project Acceptance	Prepare and review project acceptance forms with the client	3:15pm	4:00pm	45min	

UAT Timesheet of a BA

Tasks	Actionable items  	Start time	End time	Duration	
Review UAT test cases	Verify test cases against requirements and update any gaps.	9:00am	10:am	1hour	
oordinate with testers	Discuss test scenarios and clarify doubts with testers	10:00am	10:30am	30min	
Attend UAT kickoff meeting	Present key requirements and align UAT objectives. 	11:00am	12"00pm	1hour	
UAT environment validation 	Ensure environment readiness with Network and DB Admins.	1:00pm	1;30pm	30min	
Stakeholder feedback session	Collect feedback from Peter, Kevin, and Ben on UAT scope	2:00pm	2:30pm	30min	
Document defects / issues	Record and prioritize defects identified during UAT testing. 	3:00pm	4:00pm	1hour	
Daily status update	Update UAT progress tracker and share with stakeholders.	4:30pm	5:00pm	30min	

Deployment & Implementation Timesheet of a BA

Tasks	Actionable items  	Start time	End time	Duration	
Forwards RTM to Client or the PM	Forwards RTM to Client or the PM which should be attached to the Project Closure Document	9:00am	10:00am	1hour	
Coordinates to complete and share End User Manuals	Coordinates to complete and share End User Manuals	10:15am	12:15pm	2hour	
Plans and Organizes Training Sessions for End Users	Plans and Organizes Training Sessions for End Users	1:00pm	3:00pm	2hour	
Prepares Lessons Learned	Lessons learned from this project (to take precautions for coming projects)	3:15pm	4:45pm	1hour 30min